Participation

Since the beginning of the survey, 712 Black caregivers have participated in RAPID.

These analyses are based on responses collected from 8053 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and November 05, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 8.84% are Black/African American, 18.12% are LatinX, and 29.52% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Demographics

Age

Income

Income is presented in thousands of dollars per year.

p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using a Holm correction
income.cat statistic p.value
< 20k 110.04 < .001
20k-40k 4.87 .093
40k-60k 0.61 .873
60k-80k 5.14 .093
80k-100k 18.68 < .001
100k-150k 15.27 .001
150k-200k 7.03 .040
200k+ 0.23 .873

Poverty

p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using a Holm correction
poverty_cat statistic p.value
Above 1.5 x FPL 52.81 < .001
Below 1.5 x FPL 52.81 < .001

Employment

Employment change

p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using a Holm correction
employment_change statistic p.value
Became Employed 8.13 .017
Became Unemployed 4.83 .084
Stable Employed 1.60 .206
Stable Other 44.27 < .001
Stable Unemployed 4.66 .084

Race

Ethnicity

p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using a Holm correction
latinx_cat statistic p.value
non-Latinx 49.44 < .001
Latinx 49.44 < .001

Single parent households

p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using a Holm correction
single_cat statistic p.value
Dual parent 238.49 < .001
Single parent 238.49 < .001

Mental health (raw scores)

Caregiver

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-5.28 38.45 43.74 -5.18 < .001 841.8 -7.28 -3.28 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Correlates of

Test

Significance of linear model using variable to predict mental health within Black caregivers
Variable Within group Difference between group and sample
material_hardship < .001 < .001
work_status .531 .014
single .255 < .001
age .064 .044
income.cat .568 < .001
poverty_cat .097 .002

Figures (within sample)

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## [[1]]$material_hardship

Figures (between sample)

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Anxiety

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-6.86 34.48 41.34 -5.58 < .001 858.8 -9.28 -4.45 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Depression

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-0.44 29.3 29.73 -0.37 .708 843.47 -2.72 1.85 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Stress

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-6.71 48.63 55.34 -5.01 < .001 840.67 -9.34 -4.08 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Loneliness

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-7.04 41.49 48.53 -6.14 < .001 836.7 -9.29 -4.79 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Child

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-4.74 34.54 39.28 -4.19 < .001 855.7 -6.96 -2.52 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Fussy

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-7.09 44.92 52.01 -5.13 < .001 841.6 -9.81 -4.38 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Fear

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-2.37 24.15 26.52 -1.85 .065 863.26 -4.88 0.14 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Mental health (change scores)

Caregiver

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-3.49 8.54 12.03 -4.08 < .001 827.69 -5.17 -1.81 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Correlates of

Test

Significance of linear model using variable to predict mental health within Black caregivers
Variable Within group Difference between group and sample
material_hardship < .001 < .001
work_status .185 .014
single .195 < .001
age .477 .044
income.cat .553 < .001
poverty_cat .433 .002

Figures (within sample)

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## [[1]]$material_hardship

Figures (between sample)

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Anxiety

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-3.74 7.4 11.14 -3.27 .001 833.77 -5.99 -1.5 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Depression

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-2.35 7.11 9.46 -2.38 .018 826.3 -4.29 -0.41 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Stress

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-2.97 12.92 15.9 -2.26 .024 824.52 -5.55 -0.4 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Loneliness

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-2.97 12.92 15.9 -2.26 .024 824.52 -5.55 -0.4 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Child

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-2.46 7.85 10.31 -2.36 .019 833.31 -4.51 -0.41 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Fussy

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-4.46 8.25 12.71 -3.42 .001 835.13 -7.01 -1.9 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Fear

Values represent the difference between a caregiver’s response for the past week and their “baseline” or retrospective report of this variable pre-pandemic.

On average

estimate estimate1 estimate2 statistic p.value parameter conf.low conf.high method alternative
-0.68 7.22 7.91 -0.56 .577 823.19 -3.08 1.72 Welch Two Sample t-test two.sided

Over time

Material hardship

Overall

Types of hardship

t-tests comparing hardship across groups. p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using a Holm correction.
category difference statistic p.value df
food 0.1336802 5.651598 < .001 537.6709
house 0.1269847 5.371627 < .001 540.9557
utilities 0.1433258 6.241621 < .001 606.7434
healthcare 0.0317243 1.473914 .141 390.8089
social 0.0291339 1.369722 .172 387.4880
emotional 0.0484023 2.185879 .029 399.0377
childcare 0.1080290 4.733960 < .001 407.9625
other 0.0352096 2.183874 .030 335.1715

By Week

Childcare

On average

Type of childcare (average)

Type of childcare (over time)

By week

Discrimination

Concerns for children (average)

Concerns for children (over time)

Caregiver well-being

The relationship between well-being and concerns for children is significantly different for Black caregivers

Child well-being

The relationship between child well-being and concerns for children is significantly different for Black caregivers

Discrimination (average)

Discrimination (over time)

Caregiver well-being

The relationship between well-being and discrimination for children is significantly different for Black caregivers

Child well-being

The relationship between child well-being and discrimination for children is NOT significantly different for Black caregivers